Arboriculture Glossary of Terms
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- back cutcut made on a tree trunk or branch. opposite from and toward the notch. face cut. or undercut. to complete felling or branch removal (contrast with bore cut).
- back flowprocess whereby water (that may contain pesticides fertilizers. or other contaminants) is fed back into source pipes or mains through a hose connection or into a water source such as a stream. pond or lake from equipment drawing water from that source (see back flow preventer).
- back flow preventerdevice (often required by law) to prevent back flow by mc.an of an air gap or one-way valve.
- backfill1) soil or amended soil used to fill the hole when planting a tree. 2) soil. conunon fill. aggregates or contaminants in various combinations put back after an excavation. May not be suitable for tree root growth and function.
- bacteriasingle-celled organisms having a cell wall but no organized nucleus. A few species are plant pathogens.
- bactericidespesticides that are used to kill or inhibit bacteria in plants or soil.
- balancerrigging sling(s). usually with at least one spliced eye and a Prusik to position the load line. Used to rig a tree limb in a balanced configuration. not allowing either end to drop.
- ball-and-burlapNursery stock in which the plant is dug with soil surrounding the roots and then wrapped with protective material
- balled-and-burlapped(B&B) tree or other plant dug and removed from the ground for re-planting. with the roots and soil wrapped in burlap or a burlap-like fabric. Contrast with bare root. container grown. containerized. and in-ground fabric.
- balled and burlapped (B&B)tree or other plant dug and removed from the ground for re-planting. with the roots and soil wrapped in burlap or a burlap-like fabric (contrast with bare root. container grown. containerized. and in-ground fabric-bag grown).
- Bambusa ventricosa Bambusa ventricosa
- barber chairdangerous condition created when a tree or branch splits upward vertically from the back cut. slab up.
- bare rootI) tree or other plant removed from the ground for re-planting without soil around the roots (contrast with balled and burlapped. container grown. containerized. and in-ground fabric-bag grown). 2) the harvesting or transplanting of a tree or other plant without soil around the roots.
- barkprotective outer covering of branches and stems that arises from the cork cambium.
- bark crackingLongitudinal split in the stem. involving bark. cambium. and xylem (compare with growth crack); may be vertically or horizontally oriented
- bark tracingcutting away tom or injured bark to leave a cleanly cut edge.
- barriersee root barrier and tree protection zone barrier.
- barrier zonea chemical and anatomical barrier formed by the cambium present at the time of wounding in response to wounding. Inhibits the spread of decay into xylem tissue formed after the time of wounding. Wall 4 in the CODIT model (contrast with reaction zone).
- basal bark applicationapplication of herbicides. usually mixed with penetrating oil. to the lowest 12 to 18 inches (30 to 45 mm) of the main stem(s) of unwanted vegetation.
- basal rotdecay of the lower trunk. trunk flare. or buttress roots. Also called butt rot.
- basal swellingincreased wood growth in the area near or where the trunk and roots come together.
- basic assessmentdetailed visual inspection of a tree and surrounding site that may include the use of simple tools. It requires that a tree risk assessor walk completely around the tree trunk looking at the site. aboveground roots. trunk. and branches.
- Bauhinia blakeanaHong Kong Orchid Tree
- Bauhinia purpureaPurple Camel's Foot
- B&Bballed and burlapped
- BBRbranch bark ridge
- bearingdevice. often relying on balls or rollers. to reduce friction between mechanical parts such as a wheel or a pulley sheave and an axle or a shaft and case connecting rod. (contrast with bushing).
- becketan auxiliary attachment point on a block or ~ l pulley. usually 180 degrees from the main attachment. that is used to reeve the rigging line in a set of -~ blocks.
- beer knotknot commonly used to join two ends of a piece of tubular webbing to create a loop (see water knot).
- Belamcanda chinensis Belamcanda chinensis
- best management practices (BMP)best-available. industry-recognized courses of action. in consideration of the benefits and limitations. based on scientific research and current knowledge and standards.
- best management practices {BMP)best-available. industry-recognized courses of action. in consideration of the benefits and limitations. based on scientific research and current knowledge.
- better half hitchhalf-hitch(es). typically two or more. added to other knots for additional security. Also called finishing with a half hitch." "
- biennialplant living two years. Usually grows vegetatively the first year. then flowers and fruits the second year (compare to annual and perennial).
- bifurcationnatural division of a branch. stem. or root into two parts.
- bightcurve or arc in a rope between the working end and the standing part.
- binomialin biology. a taxonomic name consisting of a genus name and a species epithet. used to designate species.
- biodegradablecapable of being broken down by natural. organic processes and reabsorbed into the environment.
- biodiversitybiological diversity in an environment as indicated by number of different species of plants and animals.
- biogenic volatile organic compoundspollutants. produced by trees. that can contribute to the formation of ozone and carbon monoxide.
- biological control1) method of managing plant pests or weeds through the use of natural predators. parasites. or pathogens. 2) biological methods management of vegetation by establishment and conservation of compatible. stable plant communities using plant competition. allelopathy. animals. insects. or pathogens. Cover-type conversion is a type of biological control.
- biorational control productproduct or pesticide formulated from naturally occurring plant extracts. microbes. or microbial by-products that poses very low risk to non-target organisms and has limited environmental persistence.
- biorational pesticide1) pesticide formulated from naturally occurring plant extracts. microbes. or microbial by-products that poses very low risk to non-target organisms. 2) pesticide that has limited environmental persistence and poses very low risk to non-target organisms.
- bioticpertaining to non-human. living organisms.
- biotic agenta living organism capable of causing disease.
- biotic disorderdisorder caused by a living organism (contrast with abiotic disorder).
- bipinnatedouble pinnate (contrast with palmate and pinnate).
- Bischofia javanicaAutumn Maple
- Bischofia polycarpaChinese Bishopwood -
- bladeI) expanded body of a leaf. 2) sharp. cutting part of a tool.
- Blake's hitchfriction knot climbers use. sometimes in place of the tautline hitch or Prusik knot.
- bleedingI) flow of sap from plant wounds. injuries. or pathogen invasion. 2) flow of blood from a human or animal wound. 3) process of removing air from a fluid system (such as hydraulic brakes on a vehicle).
- blended fertilizermix of slow-release and soluble fertilizers. with the percentage of water-insoluble nitrogen (WIN) listed on the label.
- blightany disease or disorder. regardless of their.. causal agent that kills young plant tissues .
- blisterElevation of epidc:rmis containing watery liquid
- BLMBureau of Land Management
- block1) heavy-duty pulley used in rigging. designed for dynamic loading. 2) casing enclosing one or more parallel pulleys.
- block and tacklesystem of two or more pulleys with a rope or cable threaded between them. usually used to lift or pull heavy loads.
- blocking1) method of using an arborist block to rig down trunk sections (contra t with butt-hitching). 2) l in some countries. to remove a trunk by cutting and dropping small pieces at a time.
- BMPbest management practices
- BoDboard of directors
- body-thrustmethod of ascending a tree using a climbing rope.
- bolemain trunk of a tree below the branches. usually used in reference to a tall tree whose first branch is high off the ground.
- bolt1) lag-or machine-threaded cable anchor or bracing rod; used with a nut and washer in supplemental support systems in trees. 2) a machine threaded fastener used with a nut and washer in various equipment or structures.
- Bombax ceibaTree Cotton - Red Kapok Tree
- bonding conductoran electrical connection between an electrically conductive object and a component of a lightning protection system that is intended to significantly reduce potential differences created by lightning currents.
- bonsaiart of managing tree growth through branch and root pruning to maintain a miniature form and size.
- boomlong. movable arm of an aerial device or crane.
- border zonea section of a transmission or pipeline right-of-way that extends from the wire or pipe zone to the right-of-way edge. The border zone is managed to promote a low-growing plant community of forbs. tall shrub . and low-growing trees below a specified height (e.g.. 25 ft or 7.5 m).
- bore cutusing the tip of a chain saw to cut into or through the middle of a piece of wood. Back-cut technique in which the hinge is established by plunge cutting through the stern. then cutting back away from the hinge. Plunge cut (contrast with back cut).
- botanical pesticidepesticide derived from plants.
- botanicalscompounds (pesticides. oils. etc.) made from plants.
- Bougainvillea spectabilisBougainvillea spectabilis
- bowlineloop knot used to form single or double endline loop(s) in a rope. often to attach items to the rope (see bowline on a bight. running bowline).
- bowline on a bightknot used to form two loops in the standing part of a rope.
- box cable systemtree support cabling system that forms closed polygons. Used to join together more than three stems (contrast with direct cable system and triangular cable system).
- bracingthe installation of lag-threaded screws or threaded-steel rods in limbs. leaders. or trunks to provide supplemental support to weak branch unions.
- bracing rodmetal rod installed through branches or stems to limit movement and provide supplemental support.
- bractmodified leaf. usually growing just below the flower petals. Sometimes more prominent than and mistaken for the actual flower petals (e.g.. in Comus spp.).
- braided roperope construction in which the strands are woven together in a diagonal pattern (see strand).
- brancha secondary shoot or stem in a woody plant generally smaller than the parent.
- branch anglethe angle. in decurrent trees typically less than 90 degrees. formed in the union between stem and branch.
- branch arrangementorientation and distribution of branches along a larger stem or main trunk.
- branch bark ridgeraised strip of bark at the top of a branch union. where the growth and expansion of the trunk or parent stem and adjoining branch push the bark into a ridge.
- branch collararea where a subdominate branch joins another branch or trunk that is created by the overlapping vascular tissues from both the branch and the trunk. Typically enlarged at the base of the branch.
- branch protection zonechemically and physically modified tissue within the trunk or parent branch at the base of a smaller. subordinate branch that retards the spread of discoloration and decay from the subordinate stem into the trunk or parent branch.
- branch tapernatural. gradual reduction in the diameter of a branch from its point of origin to the tip (see taper).
- branch unionpoint where a branch originates from the trunk or another branch (see crotch).
- breach of dutyfailure to act in a reasonable manner.
- breaking strengthforce at which a new piece of equipment or rope fails under a static load.
- Breynia nivosa Breynia nivosa
- Bridelia tomentosaPop-gun Seed - Pikpoktai
- bridge graftmethod to repair a semi-girdled to completely girdled main trunk or other stem in which scion wood is grafted above and below the injury to reconnect the vascular cambium.
- broad-spectrum pesticidepesticide that kills a large number of unrelated species
- broadcast fertilizationapplication of granular fertilizer over the soil surface (contrast with drill-hole fertilization and liquid fertilization).
- Broussonetia papyriferaPaper Mulberry
- brown root rotPhellinus noxius (有害木層孔菌) is a white simultaneous rot fungus that causes Brown Root Rot(BRR) disease (褐根病), which could result in rapid health and structural deterioration of trees and may lead to tree failure.
- brownout1) term describing the brown appearance of dead foliage. usually following the application of herbicide. 2) term describing a reduction in power distributed by an electric utility. usually associated with extreme demand but sometimes with tree-related damage.
- BRRPhellinus noxius (有害木層孔菌) is a white simultaneous rot fungus that causes Brown Root Rot(BRR) disease (褐根病), which could result in rapid health and structural deterioration of trees and may lead to tree failure.
- Brunsfelsia calycinaBrunsfelsia calycina