Arboriculture Glossary of Terms
a
- apexthe tip. end. or angular limit of an object; for example. the tip of a leaf or shoot.
- aphidminute. soft-bodied insect that sucks sap from plants.
- apicalhaving to do with the tip of a leaf or stem.
- apical budbud at the tip of a twig or shoot (see terminal bud).
- apical controlinhibition of lateral buds. decreasing from the top down. by apical buds over many seasons. resulting in trees with an excurrent growth form.
- apical dominancecondition in which the seminal bud inhibits the growth and development of the neighboring lateral buds on the same stem formed during the same season (see crown hierarchy).
- apical meristemgrowing point in buds. and at the tips of shoots and roots.
- apical meristemsgrowing points at the tips of shoots and roots.
- apoplasmspaces in plant tissue. Includes cell walls as well as intracellular spaces (contra t with symplasm).
- appraisal(1) placing a monetary value on a tree. other plant other landscaping including hardscape. or an entire property. (2) a report stating an opinion of appraised value. (3) particularly outside the United States. an evaluation of nonmonetary landscape or plant characteristics.
- appraisal (valuation)1) placing a monetary value on a tree. plant. or other landscaping. including hardscape or an entire property. 2) a report stating an opinion of appraised value. 3 particularly outside the United States. an evaluation of nonmonetary landscape or plant characteristics.
- approach distanceswhen working near electric utilities. minimum di tance that must be maintained between conductors and other energized equipment and qualified line-clearance per om1el or per ons other than line-clearance personnel and their bodies or tools. Approach distances vary with qualifications of personnel and with voltages.
- appropriate response process (ARP)process of systematically acquiring and using information about the plant. the stressor. and the client to determine which course of action. if any. is recommended.
- approvedin the context of guidelines. standards and specifications. that which is acceptable to federal. state. provincial or local enforcement authorities or is an accepted industry practice.
- APTCCAsia-Pacific Tree Climbing Championship
- Araucaria heterophyllaNorfolk Island Pine -
- arboriculturethe practice and study of the care of trees and other woody plants in the landscape.
- arborista professional who possesses the technical competence through experience and related training. to provide for or supervise the management of trees and other woody plants in the residential. commercial. and public landscapes.
- arborist blockheavy-duty pulley with an integrated connection point (bushing for attaching a rope sling). a rotating sheave for the rope. and extended cheek plates. Used in tree rigging operations.
- arborist traineeAn individual undergoing on-the-job training to obtain the experience and the competence required to provide for or supervise the management of trees and woody ornamentals. Such trainees shall be under the direct supervision of an arborist.
- AREAArboricultural Research and Education Academy
- Area Basis Identify areas where tree failure will pose a hazard to public safety or cause disruption to human activity Prioritise resources for tree risk management according to the frequency of use of the area.
- Area Basis AssessmentIdentify high priority areas where public will be affected if a tree fails.
- ARPappropriate response process
- Artocarpus macrocarpusJackfruit
- AS 4373 Pruning of Amenity Treesin Australia. industry-developed. national consensus standards of practice for pruning.
- ASCAAmerican Society of Consulting Arborists
- ascenderpiece of gear that enables a climber to ascend a rope. Attached to the rope. it will grip in one direction (down) and slide in the other (up) (contrast with descender).
- ASHSAmerican Society for Horticultural Science
- ASLAAmerican Society of Landscape Architects
- Asparagus densiflorus ‘Myers’Asparagus densiflorus ‘Myers’
- Asplenium nidusAsplenium nidus
- assessment districtspecial district formed by local government for property that will receive direct benefit from the construction or maintenance of public improvements in which property owners pay an assessment that is proportional to each owner's share of benefit from the improvement.
- asymptomaticwithout symptoms.
- ATFAncient Tree Forum
- atmospheric demandevapotranspiration that would occur from a well aerated soil/plant surface at field capacity; affected by energy from solar radiation and air movement.
- AUFArboriculture & Urban Forestry journal
- augertool that bores holes in wood or other materials while carrying cuttings away from the bored hole (see auger bit. soil auger).
- auger bitdrill bit that bores holes in wood or other materials while carrying cuttings away from the bored hole.
- augmentationin Plant Health Care. the release of beneficial organisms to suppress pest populations.
- auxinplant hormone or substance that promotes or regulates the growth and development of plants. Produced at sites where cells are dividing. primarily in the shoot tips. Auxin-like compounds may be synthetically produced.
- available waterwater remaining in the soil after gravitational water has drained and before the permanent wilting point has been reached. (compare to field capacity. gravitational water. permanent wilting point. and saturation point).
- Averrhoa carambolaCarambola
- axial transportmovement of water. minerals. or photosynthates longitudinally within a tree.
- axilpoint of attachment of a leaf petiole to a stem.
- axillary budbud in the axil of a leaf. Lateral bud.
- axillary shootshoot rising at the axil of a leaf.
b
- back cutcut made on a tree trunk or branch. opposite from and toward the notch. face cut. or undercut. to complete felling or branch removal (contrast with bore cut).
- back flowprocess whereby water (that may contain pesticides fertilizers. or other contaminants) is fed back into source pipes or mains through a hose connection or into a water source such as a stream. pond or lake from equipment drawing water from that source (see back flow preventer).
- back flow preventerdevice (often required by law) to prevent back flow by mc.an of an air gap or one-way valve.
- backfill1) soil or amended soil used to fill the hole when planting a tree. 2) soil. conunon fill. aggregates or contaminants in various combinations put back after an excavation. May not be suitable for tree root growth and function.
- bacteriasingle-celled organisms having a cell wall but no organized nucleus. A few species are plant pathogens.
- bactericidespesticides that are used to kill or inhibit bacteria in plants or soil.
- balancerrigging sling(s). usually with at least one spliced eye and a Prusik to position the load line. Used to rig a tree limb in a balanced configuration. not allowing either end to drop.
- ball-and-burlapNursery stock in which the plant is dug with soil surrounding the roots and then wrapped with protective material
- balled-and-burlapped(B&B) tree or other plant dug and removed from the ground for re-planting. with the roots and soil wrapped in burlap or a burlap-like fabric. Contrast with bare root. container grown. containerized. and in-ground fabric.
- balled and burlapped (B&B)tree or other plant dug and removed from the ground for re-planting. with the roots and soil wrapped in burlap or a burlap-like fabric (contrast with bare root. container grown. containerized. and in-ground fabric-bag grown).
- Bambusa ventricosa Bambusa ventricosa
- barber chairdangerous condition created when a tree or branch splits upward vertically from the back cut. slab up.
- bare rootI) tree or other plant removed from the ground for re-planting without soil around the roots (contrast with balled and burlapped. container grown. containerized. and in-ground fabric-bag grown). 2) the harvesting or transplanting of a tree or other plant without soil around the roots.
- barkprotective outer covering of branches and stems that arises from the cork cambium.
- bark crackingLongitudinal split in the stem. involving bark. cambium. and xylem (compare with growth crack); may be vertically or horizontally oriented
- bark tracingcutting away tom or injured bark to leave a cleanly cut edge.
- barriersee root barrier and tree protection zone barrier.
- barrier zonea chemical and anatomical barrier formed by the cambium present at the time of wounding in response to wounding. Inhibits the spread of decay into xylem tissue formed after the time of wounding. Wall 4 in the CODIT model (contrast with reaction zone).
- basal bark applicationapplication of herbicides. usually mixed with penetrating oil. to the lowest 12 to 18 inches (30 to 45 mm) of the main stem(s) of unwanted vegetation.
- basal rotdecay of the lower trunk. trunk flare. or buttress roots. Also called butt rot.
- basal swellingincreased wood growth in the area near or where the trunk and roots come together.
- basic assessmentdetailed visual inspection of a tree and surrounding site that may include the use of simple tools. It requires that a tree risk assessor walk completely around the tree trunk looking at the site. aboveground roots. trunk. and branches.
- Bauhinia blakeanaHong Kong Orchid Tree
- Bauhinia purpureaPurple Camel's Foot
- B&Bballed and burlapped
- BBRbranch bark ridge
- bearingdevice. often relying on balls or rollers. to reduce friction between mechanical parts such as a wheel or a pulley sheave and an axle or a shaft and case connecting rod. (contrast with bushing).
- becketan auxiliary attachment point on a block or ~ l pulley. usually 180 degrees from the main attachment. that is used to reeve the rigging line in a set of -~ blocks.
- beer knotknot commonly used to join two ends of a piece of tubular webbing to create a loop (see water knot).
- Belamcanda chinensis Belamcanda chinensis
- best management practices (BMP)best-available. industry-recognized courses of action. in consideration of the benefits and limitations. based on scientific research and current knowledge and standards.
- best management practices {BMP)best-available. industry-recognized courses of action. in consideration of the benefits and limitations. based on scientific research and current knowledge.
- better half hitchhalf-hitch(es). typically two or more. added to other knots for additional security. Also called finishing with a half hitch." "
- biennialplant living two years. Usually grows vegetatively the first year. then flowers and fruits the second year (compare to annual and perennial).
- bifurcationnatural division of a branch. stem. or root into two parts.
- bightcurve or arc in a rope between the working end and the standing part.
- binomialin biology. a taxonomic name consisting of a genus name and a species epithet. used to designate species.
- biodegradablecapable of being broken down by natural. organic processes and reabsorbed into the environment.
- biodiversitybiological diversity in an environment as indicated by number of different species of plants and animals.
- biogenic volatile organic compoundspollutants. produced by trees. that can contribute to the formation of ozone and carbon monoxide.
- biological control1) method of managing plant pests or weeds through the use of natural predators. parasites. or pathogens. 2) biological methods management of vegetation by establishment and conservation of compatible. stable plant communities using plant competition. allelopathy. animals. insects. or pathogens. Cover-type conversion is a type of biological control.
- biorational control productproduct or pesticide formulated from naturally occurring plant extracts. microbes. or microbial by-products that poses very low risk to non-target organisms and has limited environmental persistence.
- biorational pesticide1) pesticide formulated from naturally occurring plant extracts. microbes. or microbial by-products that poses very low risk to non-target organisms. 2) pesticide that has limited environmental persistence and poses very low risk to non-target organisms.
- bioticpertaining to non-human. living organisms.
- biotic agenta living organism capable of causing disease.
- biotic disorderdisorder caused by a living organism (contrast with abiotic disorder).
- bipinnatedouble pinnate (contrast with palmate and pinnate).
- Bischofia javanicaAutumn Maple
- Bischofia polycarpaChinese Bishopwood -
- bladeI) expanded body of a leaf. 2) sharp. cutting part of a tool.
- Blake's hitchfriction knot climbers use. sometimes in place of the tautline hitch or Prusik knot.
- bleedingI) flow of sap from plant wounds. injuries. or pathogen invasion. 2) flow of blood from a human or animal wound. 3) process of removing air from a fluid system (such as hydraulic brakes on a vehicle).
- blended fertilizermix of slow-release and soluble fertilizers. with the percentage of water-insoluble nitrogen (WIN) listed on the label.