Arboriculture Glossary of Terms
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- abioticnonliving.
- abiotic disorderplant ailment caused by nonliving. environmental. or man-made agents (contrast with biotic disorder).
- abrasionWearing. grinding. or rubbing away by friction
- abscisic acidplant hormone that stimulates stomatal closure and promotes seed and bud dormancy. Inhibits shoot growth but may promote root growth. Plays a role in wounding responses and in abscission ~ of leaves and fruit.
- abscissionleaf or fruit drop induced by hormonal changes.
- abscission zonearea at the base of the petiole where cellular breakdown leads to leaf and fruit drop.
- absorbing rootsfine roots that take up water and minerals. Most absorbing roots are within the top 12 inches (30 mm) of soil.
- absorptiontaking up (contrast with adsorption).
- Acacia auriculiformisEar-leaved Acacia -
- Acacia confusaTaiwan Acacia
- Acacia mangiumBig-leaved Acacia
- accelerationrate of change of the velocity of an object. Acceleration is a vector quantity (see vector and velocity)
- acceptable riskthe degree or amount of risk that the owner. manager. or controlling authority is willing to accept.
- acceptable risk thresholdthe highest level of risk that does not exceed the owner/manager's tolerance.
- access line1) second climbing line hung in a tree in case it is needed to reach a victim in an emergency. 2) climbing line installed in a tree to gain access to. but not used to work the tree.
- access routedefined entrance and exit route for a property during construction. tree work. or landscape operations.
- accessory shootsee adventitious shoot.
- acclimationphysiological adaptation process of plants and other living organisms to a climate or en ironment different from their native environment or where originally grown.
- acidhaving a pH less than 7.0 (contrast with alkaline).
- aciditystate or quality of being acid (contrast with alkalinity; see pH).
- actinomycetesgroup of oil bacteria resembling fungi . Actinomycetes play a role in the decomposition of organic matter and the release of mineral elements.
- action threshold1) pest population or plant damage level that requires action to prevent irreversible or unacceptable physiological and/or aesthetic harm (see economic threshold). 2) a point at which the level of incompatible plant species. density. height. location. or condition threatens the stated management objectives and requires implementation of a control method(s).
- acuminateterm describing leaves that taper sharply at their tip (apex).
- acute1) disorder or disease that occurs suddenly or over a short period of time (contrast with chronic). 2) leaves with straight sides tapering to a pointed apex.
- adaptabilitygenetic ability of plants and other living organisms to adjust or acclimate to different environments.
- adaptive growthsee response growth.
- Adenanthera microspermaRed Sandalwood -
- adhesionforce of attraction between two different materials; in soils. it is the attraction of water molecules to soil particles.
- adjustable balanceradjustable rigging sling used to balance tree limbs being removed in rigging operations.
- adpressedin close. tight proximity. Pressed close to or lying fiat against something. Appressed.
- adsorptionadhesion on contact of the molecules of gases. dissolved substances. or liquids to the surface of solids or liquids with which they are in contact (contrast with absorption).
- advanced assessmentan assessment performed to provide detailed information about specific tree parts. defects. targets. or site conditions. Specialized equipment. data collection and analysis. and/or expertise are usually required.
- adventitiousarising peripherally from parts of the root or stem and having no connection to meristems
- adventitious branchbranch arising from a stem or parent branch and having no connection to apical meristems.
- adventitious budbud arising from a place other than a leaf axil or shoot tip. usually as a result of hormonal triggers.
- adventitious rootroots arising from roots or stems and having no connection to apical meristems.
- adventitious root or budRoots or buds produced in situ from newly organized meristems; not preformed
- adventitious rootsroots arising from roots or stems and having no connection to apical meristems.
- aeration1) provision of air to the soil to alleviate soil compaction and improve its structure. 2) caused by exposure to air.
- aeration system1) set of holes or trenches created in a tree or other plant's root area to improve air circulation
- aerial (airborne) patrolinspection undertaken from a plane or helicopter; often used by electric utilities to monitor tree growth near electric transmission lines.
- aerial inspectioninspection of the upper tree parts not readily accessed from the ground; typically done by climbing or from an aerial lift.
- aerial rescuemethod of bringing an injured worker safely to the ground.
- aerial rootsaboveground roots. Usually adventitious in nature and sometimes having unique adaptive functions.
- aestheticpleasing to the senses. visually or otherwise. Artistic.
- agents of changeenvironmental. social. and public factors that influence the dynamics of the vegetation resource over time.
- aggregate1) close cluster or mix of small particles of aqueous solution to increase oxygen or other gas soil anchor organic matter of varying size that are bonded concentrations. Typically used to benefit organisms together. 2) sand. gravel. or small rocks in soil; anchor living or suspended in the aqueous solution. such as ~ sand. gravel. or small rocks used under paved surface .
- Aglaia odorataAglaia odorata
- AHSAmerican Horticultural Society
- AICPAmerican Institute of Certified Planners (APA)
- Ailanthus fordiiAilanthus - Green Ailanthus
- air excavation device air excavatordevice that directs a jet of highly compressed air to excavate soil. Used to avoid or minimize damage to tree roots or underground structures such as pipes and wires. May also reduce hazards associated with excavation near pipes or wires.
- air excavatordevice that directs a jet of highly compressed air to excavate soil. Used within the root zone of trees to avoid or minimize damage to the roots. or near underground structures such as pipes and wires to avoid or minimize damage to them.
- air qualitypresence and concentration of pollutants in air.
- air terminaluppermost point of a tree lightning protection system.
- aircraft cablesteel wire rope of various constructions designated by the number of strands in the rope and the number of wires in each strand commonly used in cabling (in Australia and New Zealand) due to its high strength.
- Alangium chinenseChinese Alangium
- Albizia lebbeckLebbeck Tree
- Aleurites moluccanaCandlenut Tree - Common Aleurites
- alkalichemical compound that. in water solution. reacts as a base by forming hydroxyl ions (OH-). Commonly referred to as metal hydroxides." "
- alkali soilSoil in which sodium is the primary cation and is present in large enough quantities to adversely affect plant growth
- alkalinehaving a pH greater than 7.0 (contrast with acid).
- alkalinitystate or quality of being alkaline (contrast with acidity; see pH).
- Allamanda catharticaAllamanda cathartica
- Allamanda neriifolia Allamanda neriifolia
- allelochemicalssubstances produced naturally by plants as part of a defense against pests and other plants. May adversely affect the growth and development of other plants.
- allelopathychemical effect or inhibition of growth or development of plants that is induced by allelochemicals.
- Alocasia macrorrhizosAlocasia macrorrhizos
- Alpinia zerumbet Alpinia zerumbet
- Alstonia scholarisDevil tree - Common Alstonia -
- alternatepertaining to bud or leaf arrangement. one leaf or bud at each node. situated at alternating positions along the stem. In this arrangement the leaves are not directly across from each other (contrast with opposite and whorled).
- alternate hostone of a number of separate obligate hosts to the different life stages of certain pathogens. such as rusts. which must alternate between hosts.
- American National Standards Institute (ANSI)a private non-profit organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards by accredited representatives of government agencies. industry. and other stakeholders see ANSI A300. ANSI Z133 and ANSI 260.1).
- amon-eye nuta drop-forged eye nut used to fashion a through-hardware anchor.
- anaerobicwithout-or with a restricted supply of-air. Process that occurs in the absence of oxygen.
- analysisdetailed examination of the elements or structure of something.
- anatomyl) study of the structure and composition of plants and other living organisms. 2} structure and composition of p1ants and other living organism
- anchor1) in cabling. hardware to which support cable is affixed. 2) in rigging. the point at which the rigging system is secured or where friction is controlled.
- anchor blockin a mechanical advantage system that employs pulleys. the stationary block in a block and tackle system.
- anchor forcesum of the forces acting on the anchor point(s) in a rigging system.
- anchor hardwarehardware installed to affix and/or terminate a cable or guy to the tree. ground. or other device.
- anchor hitchknot commonly used to attach a line to a piece of hardware. Anchor bend.
- anchor treea tree used to provide supplemental support in a guying installation.
- ancient treea tree that has passed beyond maturity and is old or aged in comparison with other trees of the same species (see champion tree and veteran tree).
- angiospermplant with seeds borne in an ovary. Consists of two large groups: monocotyledons (grasses. palms. and related plants) and dicotyledons (most woody trees. shrubs. herbaceous plants. and related plants) (contrast with gymnosperm).
- anionion that carries a negative charge (contrast with cation).
- ANLAAmerican Nursery and Landscape Association
- Annona squamosaSugar-apple - Sweetsop
- annual1) a plant living only one year (contrast with biennial and perennial). 2) anything that recurs yearly. such as an assessment. inspection. program. or treatment.
- annual ringsrings ofxylem that are visible in a cross-section of the stem. branches. and roots of some trees. In temperate zones. the rings typically represent one year of growth.
- ANSIAmerican National Standards Institute
- ANSI A300in the United States. industry-developed. national consensus standards of practice for tree care.
- ANSI Z60.1in the United States. industry-developed. national consensus standards for nursery stock.
- ANSI Z133in the United States industry-developed. national consensus safety standards of practice for tree care.
- ANSI Z133.1in the United States. industry-developed. national consensus safety standards of practice for tree care.
- anthocyaninred or purple pigment responsible for those colors in some parts of trees and other plants.
- anthracnosea group of fungal diseases that affect a variety of plants in warm. humid areas. caused by certain fungi. Symptoms include sunken spots or lesions (blight) of various colors in leaves. stems. fruits. or flowers. and some infections form cankers on twigs and branches. Causes wilting. withering. blotching or necrosis of tissues. and can lead to the death of an infected plant.
- antigibberellinplant growth regulator that inhibits the action of the plant hormone gibberellin. which. among other things. regulates cell elongation.
- antitranspirantsubstance applied to the foliage of plants to reduce water loss (transpiration).
- anvil-type pruning toolhand pruning tool with a sharp. straight blade that cuts against a flat metal surface (anvil).