nonliving.

plant ailment caused by nonliving. environmental. or man-made agents (contrast with biotic disorder).

Wearing. grinding. or rubbing away by friction

plant hormone that stimulates stomatal closure and promotes seed and bud dormancy. Inhibits shoot growth but may promote root growth. Plays a role in wounding responses and in abscission ~ of leaves and fruit.

leaf or fruit drop induced by hormonal changes.

area at the base of the petiole where cellular breakdown leads to leaf and fruit drop.

fine roots that take up water and minerals. Most absorbing roots are within the top 12 inches (30 mm) of soil.

taking up (contrast with adsorption).

Ear-leaved Acacia -

Taiwan Acacia

Big-leaved Acacia

rate of change of the velocity of an object. Acceleration is a vector quantity (see vector and velocity)

the degree or amount of risk that the owner. manager. or controlling authority is willing to accept.

the highest level of risk that does not exceed the owner/manager's tolerance.

1) second climbing line hung in a tree in case it is needed to reach a victim in an emergency. 2) climbing line installed in a tree to gain access to. but not used to work the tree.

defined entrance and exit route for a property during construction. tree work. or landscape operations.

see adventitious shoot.

physiological adaptation process of plants and other living organisms to a climate or en ironment different from their native environment or where originally grown.

having a pH less than 7.0 (contrast with alkaline).

state or quality of being acid (contrast with alkalinity; see pH).

group of oil bacteria resembling fungi . Actinomycetes play a role in the decomposition of organic matter and the release of mineral elements.

1) pest population or plant damage level that requires action to prevent irreversible or unacceptable physiological and/or aesthetic harm (see economic threshold). 2) a point at which the level of incompatible plant species. density. height. location. or condition threatens the stated management objectives and requires implementation of a control method(s).

term describing leaves that taper sharply at their tip (apex).

1) disorder or disease that occurs suddenly or over a short period of time (contrast with chronic). 2) leaves with straight sides tapering to a pointed apex.

genetic ability of plants and other living organisms to adjust or acclimate to different environments.

see response growth.

Red Sandalwood -

force of attraction between two different materials; in soils. it is the attraction of water molecules to soil particles.

adjustable rigging sling used to balance tree limbs being removed in rigging operations.

in close. tight proximity. Pressed close to or lying fiat against something. Appressed.

adhesion on contact of the molecules of gases. dissolved substances. or liquids to the surface of solids or liquids with which they are in contact (contrast with absorption).

an assessment performed to provide detailed information about specific tree parts. defects. targets. or site conditions. Specialized equipment. data collection and analysis. and/or expertise are usually required.

arising peripherally from parts of the root or stem and having no connection to meristems

branch arising from a stem or parent branch and having no connection to apical meristems.

bud arising from a place other than a leaf axil or shoot tip. usually as a result of hormonal triggers.

roots arising from roots or stems and having no connection to apical meristems.

Roots or buds produced in situ from newly organized meristems; not preformed

roots arising from roots or stems and having no connection to apical meristems.

1) provision of air to the soil to alleviate soil compaction and improve its structure. 2) caused by exposure to air.

1) set of holes or trenches created in a tree or other plant's root area to improve air circulation

inspection undertaken from a plane or helicopter; often used by electric utilities to monitor tree growth near electric transmission lines.

inspection of the upper tree parts not readily accessed from the ground; typically done by climbing or from an aerial lift.

method of bringing an injured worker safely to the ground.

aboveground roots. Usually adventitious in nature and sometimes having unique adaptive functions.

pleasing to the senses. visually or otherwise. Artistic.

environmental. social. and public factors that influence the dynamics of the vegetation resource over time.

1) close cluster or mix of small particles of aqueous solution to increase oxygen or other gas soil anchor organic matter of varying size that are bonded concentrations. Typically used to benefit organisms together. 2) sand. gravel. or small rocks in soil; anchor living or suspended in the aqueous solution. such as ~ sand. gravel. or small rocks used under paved surface .

American Horticultural Society

American Institute of Certified Planners (APA)

Ailanthus - Green Ailanthus

device that directs a jet of highly compressed air to excavate soil. Used to avoid or minimize damage to tree roots or underground structures such as pipes and wires. May also reduce hazards associated with excavation near pipes or wires.

device that directs a jet of highly compressed air to excavate soil. Used within the root zone of trees to avoid or minimize damage to the roots. or near underground structures such as pipes and wires to avoid or minimize damage to them.

presence and concentration of pollutants in air.

uppermost point of a tree lightning protection system.

steel wire rope of various constructions designated by the number of strands in the rope and the number of wires in each strand commonly used in cabling (in Australia and New Zealand) due to its high strength.

Chinese Alangium

Lebbeck Tree

Candlenut Tree - Common Aleurites

chemical compound that. in water solution. reacts as a base by forming hydroxyl ions (OH-). Commonly referred to as metal hydroxides." "

Soil in which sodium is the primary cation and is present in large enough quantities to adversely affect plant growth

having a pH greater than 7.0 (contrast with acid).

state or quality of being alkaline (contrast with acidity; see pH).

substances produced naturally by plants as part of a defense against pests and other plants. May adversely affect the growth and development of other plants.

chemical effect or inhibition of growth or development of plants that is induced by allelochemicals.

Devil tree - Common Alstonia -

pertaining to bud or leaf arrangement. one leaf or bud at each node. situated at alternating positions along the stem. In this arrangement the leaves are not directly across from each other (contrast with opposite and whorled).

one of a number of separate obligate hosts to the different life stages of certain pathogens. such as rusts. which must alternate between hosts.

a private non-profit organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards by accredited representatives of government agencies. industry. and other stakeholders see ANSI A300. ANSI Z133 and ANSI 260.1).

a drop-forged eye nut used to fashion a through-hardware anchor.

without-or with a restricted supply of-air. Process that occurs in the absence of oxygen.

detailed examination of the elements or structure of something.

l) study of the structure and composition of plants and other living organisms. 2} structure and composition of p1ants and other living organism

1) in cabling. hardware to which support cable is affixed. 2) in rigging. the point at which the rigging system is secured or where friction is controlled.

in a mechanical advantage system that employs pulleys. the stationary block in a block and tackle system.

sum of the forces acting on the anchor point(s) in a rigging system.

hardware installed to affix and/or terminate a cable or guy to the tree. ground. or other device.

knot commonly used to attach a line to a piece of hardware. Anchor bend.

a tree used to provide supplemental support in a guying installation.

a tree that has passed beyond maturity and is old or aged in comparison with other trees of the same species (see champion tree and veteran tree).

plant with seeds borne in an ovary. Consists of two large groups: monocotyledons (grasses. palms. and related plants) and dicotyledons (most woody trees. shrubs. herbaceous plants. and related plants) (contrast with gymnosperm).

ion that carries a negative charge (contrast with cation).

American Nursery and Landscape Association

Sugar-apple - Sweetsop

1) a plant living only one year (contrast with biennial and perennial). 2) anything that recurs yearly. such as an assessment. inspection. program. or treatment.

rings ofxylem that are visible in a cross-section of the stem. branches. and roots of some trees. In temperate zones. the rings typically represent one year of growth.

American National Standards Institute

in the United States. industry-developed. national consensus standards of practice for tree care.

in the United States. industry-developed. national consensus standards for nursery stock.

in the United States industry-developed. national consensus safety standards of practice for tree care.

in the United States. industry-developed. national consensus safety standards of practice for tree care.

red or purple pigment responsible for those colors in some parts of trees and other plants.

a group of fungal diseases that affect a variety of plants in warm. humid areas. caused by certain fungi. Symptoms include sunken spots or lesions (blight) of various colors in leaves. stems. fruits. or flowers. and some infections form cankers on twigs and branches. Causes wilting. withering. blotching or necrosis of tissues. and can lead to the death of an infected plant.

plant growth regulator that inhibits the action of the plant hormone gibberellin. which. among other things. regulates cell elongation.

substance applied to the foliage of plants to reduce water loss (transpiration).

hand pruning tool with a sharp. straight blade that cuts against a flat metal surface (anvil).